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Mechanical Tester Model Mach-1 v500cst

MA008

1 vertical, 2 horizontal and 1 rotation stages for compression, tension, shear, and torsion testing

SKU: MA008 Category:

Since 1999, this unique configurable mechanical tester has helped hundreds of scientists around the world enhance and publish their innovative research activities related to biomaterial, tissues and soft materials. Due to its modular design, small footprint and numerous customization features, this top-of-the-line tester offers the versatility required in cutting edge biomaterial testing labs. It has been designed to be easily upgraded with the addition of motorized stages, load cells and accessories, so it will evolve and adapt constantly to changes in your material research priorities.

  • Compatible with multiaxial load cells
  • Performs high-precision, multiple-axis testing in compression, tension, shear and torsion, in various modes including dynamic, static, and waveform loading.
  • User-friendly software for effective data collection and simplified analysis
  • Deemed an excellent educational tool for students
  • Occupies little laboratory space and is easy to lift for convenient re-location
  • Wide selection of standard and custom-designed accessories
  • Complemented by a team of scientific experts to assist with tester configuration options, protocol preparations, and customized accessory designs.
  • Accurately characterizes specimens with low mechanical properties or with dimensions falling within the micrometer to centimeter range.
  • Load cell is sold separately
  • No PID adjustment required to account for material properties
  • Doesn’t require lubrication or complex maintenance
Stage Linear - Vertical (Z)

Yes

Stage Linear - Horizontal (X)

Yes

Stage Linear - Horizontal (Y)

No

Stage Linear - Travel Range

100 mm (50, 150, 200, 250 mm as an option)

Stage Linear - Resolution

0.5 um (0.1 um as an option)

Stage Linear - Max Speed

50 mm/s (75 mm/s as an option)

Stage Linear - Max Acceleration

500 mm/s²

Stage Rotational - Torsion (T)

Yes

Stage Rotational - Travel Range

±Infinite

Stage Rotational - Resolution

0.5 m°

Stage Rotational - Max Speed

80 °/s

Stage Rotational - Max Acceleration

320°/s²

Computer Included?

Yes

Computer (Min. Spec.)

Intel Core I5, 8 GB RAM, SDD, Windows 10Pro, Acquisition Card, 22'' Flat Screen, HD Webcam, Soundbar, Keyboard and Mouse

Software Included?

Yes, Mach-1 Motion and Mach-1 Analysis

Motion Controller (# Axis)

3

Acquisition rate

Adjustable from 10 to 2500 Hz (all channels)

Load Cell Included?

No

Power Input

100-240 V, 6.3 A, 50/60 Hz

Height

Adjustable from 490 to 685 mm (19 to 27 in)

Width

405 mm (16 in)

Depth

350 mm (14 in)

Weight

19 kg (excluding computer, controller and cables)

Documents and resources (8)

Featured accessories (12)

Test configurations (35)

Test configuration

Tear

FAQ

What is Young's modulus E?
Intrinsic mechanical property of a material independent of its geometry. From the slope of the stress vs. strain graph during an unconfined compression and considering the geometry of the sample, we can calculate the Young's modulus.

Lab Module — Unconfined compression of hydrogel disks

Lab Module — Tension and rupture of skin

What is Poroelasticity?
Property of an elastic or viscoelastic material with an incompressible free fluid phase. When such a material is put under stress, fluid is released from the solid matrix. The frictional drag generated from the movement of the fluid through the matrix affects the mechanical behavior of such material. These materials are normally tested in a bath of fluid.

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Unconfined Compression – Parameters

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Confined Compression – Parameters

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Confined Compression – Example

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Unconfined Compression – Cartilage

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Unconfined Compression – Example

LAB MODULE – Torsion of Disk-Shaped Samples – Student Version

What is the field of strain?
Measurement method allowing the display of a straining pattern of a material under deformation.
What is the shear stress?
The shear stress is the component of the mechanical stress causing deformation of a material by slippage along a plane or planes parallel to the imposed stress. Shear stress arises from shear forces, which are pairs of equal and opposing forces acting on opposite sides of an object. Units are in Pa.

t =F/A, where t = the shear stress, F = the force applied and A = the cross-sectional area of material with area parallel to the applied force vector.

Lab Module — Torsion of bone

Lab Module — Torsion of disk-shaped samples

LAB MODULE – Torsion of Bone – Student Version

LAB MODULE – Torsion of Disk-Shaped Samples – Student Version

What is the shear modulus?
The shear modulus G is a mechanical property of a material. It is independent of the material geometry. It represents the stiffness of a material under a force parallel to one of its surfaces while its opposite face experiences an opposite force. The shear modulus G is described as the shear stress over the shear strain. The shear modulus is extrapolated from the linear regression between shear stress at equilibrium and shear strain.

Lab Module — Torsion of bone

Lab Module — Torsion of disk-shaped samples

LAB MODULE – Torsion of Bone – Student Version

LAB MODULE – Torsion of Disk-Shaped Samples – Student Version

What is the elongation at rupture?
The amount of uniaxial strain at fracture including both elastic and plastic deformation.

Lab Module — Tension and rupture of skin

LAB MODULE – Tension and Rupture of Skin – Student Version

I am an Arthro-BST or Benchtop Arthro-BST user, can you post my scientific publications on your Website?
We encourage our clients to tell us when they publish research with the articular cartilage probe. We would be happy to promote your research on our Website as well as on social medias (ResearchGate, Twitter and LinkedIn). For the benefit of other Arthro-BST users, please send us your latest research if you can't find it on our Website; We'll add it!
How is a surface positioning template created?
In order to facilitate eventual comparison between samples with similar surface, it is recommended to use a boundaries (surface positioning) template to standardize their positioning in the picture frame. This surface positioning template is a “.map” file containing a list of positions outlining the sub-surface’s boundaries and a reference image of the surface of interest.

The reference image should be considered as a representative (average) image of the different samples with a similar surface that will be used for the display of average mapping results taken from multiple comparable surfaces. In order to be representative (average) of all sample surface boundaries within the group of interest, template must be created using enough independent sample surface images. Of course, the number of independent images required will be a function of the extent of boundary variation within the group. Image processing software shall be used to create the representative (average) image.

The boundaries (surface positioning) template can be modified from time to time, in particular when data collection indicates that it is not representative of the population. For this reason, a version number is added to the template which is named using the following convention: “Template-X_SurfaceDescription_vV.map”, where X is the left (L) or right (R) side and V is the version number.

The following is the list of the left and right surface positioning templates currently available:
• Human: Distal Femur, Femoral Condyles, Tibial Plateau, Patella
• Sheep: Femoral Condyles, Tibial Plateau
• Rabbit: Femoral Condyles, Tibial Plateau
• Rat: Femoral Condyles, Tibial Plateau
• Mouse: Femoral Condyles, Tibial Plateau

NOTE. If the sample presents closed sub-surfaces (for example an entire tibial plateau with the medial and lateral plateaus), it is important to describe each of these regions of interest (sub-surfaces) in order to interpolate the mapping within the delimited boundaries.

1. Position the sample in the camera feed or place the camera towards a screen in order to visualize a representative (single or average) image of the sample in the camera feed. Ideally, sample’s surface should be at the center and occupies the maximum space in the image frame while remaining completely visible and allowing some clearance for eventual refraction compensation, if applicable.
2. Create the boundary of the sample surface in the camera feed. Note that it is important to edit/select a sub-surface in the Sub-SurfaceID field before adding a boundary in order to assign the boundary to a sub-surface.
2.1 Choose “Boundary” in “View” of the menu bar to see boundaries in the camera feed.
2.2 Edit the Sub-Surface ID field as defined in the associated protocol.
2.3 Choose “Add Boundary” in “Edit” of the menu bar and click in the camera feed to define the boundary along the sample sub-surface and a closed contour will be created.
2.4 If necessary, choose “Delete Boundary” in “Edit” of the menu bar and click in the camera feed at a boundary point along the sample sub-surface and the closed contour will be reshaped consequently.
2.5 Repeat steps 2.2 to 2.4 for each sub-surface of the sample.

3. Create a blank .map file and name it using the following convention: “Template-X_SurfaceDescription_vV.map”, where X is the left (L) or right (R) side and V is the version number.

Mapping Toolbox – Boundary Creation

How can I dimension the top view image of my sample to perform a mapping?
In order to dimension the sample and calibrate its image, two reference marks need to be created on the sample surface as far as possible from each other (ideally not over regions of interest). Marks should be made at approximately the same surface height (ideally at the average horizontal mapping plane, the focal plane of the camera), since it is the top-view image of the sample that is calibrated.

NOTE. Different specified methods can be used to create those reference marks, but they should be made as small as possible (while being clearly visible on the sample and eventually on its image) and should remain mechanically stable and visible after immersion in saline solution (if applicable) and sample manipulation. For example, adding a small drop of India ink over a needle puncture of the cartilage layer at the boundary of the articular surface have proven to lead to good results. It might also be possible to use two distant, clear and unambiguous sample landmarks as reference marks.

1. If already created, open the blank “Filename.map” file to be converted into metric coordinates. Note that the corresponding image “Filename.jpg” should present two visible reference marks. If not already created and if the sample is still in the camera feed, add two reference indicators on the two visible reference marks.
1.1. Choose “Reference 1 (red)” in “Edit” of the menu bar and click in the camera feed at the first reference mark.
1.2. Choose “Reference 2 (blue)” in “Edit” of the menu bar and click in the camera feed at the second reference mark.

2. Set the metric values of the reference marks.
2.1. Choose “Calibration” in “Edit” of the menu bar.
2.2. Report the X and Y metric coordinates of the reference 1 and reference 2 in the “Calibration” pop-up window according to a specific method, currently available is the “Mach-1” method.

“Mach-1” method: This method allows converting the pixels coordinates of the positions into metric coordinates that will be used for a mechanically-controlled surface mapping with the 2 horizontal stages of a multi-axial Mach-1 mechanical tester. The coordinate system used in this method corresponds to the Mach-1 horizontal stages where it is preferable to set X and Y origin at the first reference mark. With the sample/testing chamber mounted onto the Mach-1, move the stages in such a way that the center of the Mach-1’s indenter (its vertical axis) is positioned just over the first reference mark (red indicator), set the position of the X and Y stage to zero position. Repeat the same procedure for the second reference mark (blue indicator), report the X and Y stage position in the “Calibration” pop-up window. Note that since it is possible to increase the effective scanning area (limited by the stages) of the Mach-1 by manually rotating/repositioning the sample or sample/chamber assembly, a configuration index “i” is added to this characterization (by default i=1). Note that it is recommended to keep this configuration index (i) in all Mach-1 raw data generated under configuration (i).

3. Create a “Filename-Dimensioning.map” file, where “Filename” can be defined in an associated protocol.
3.1. Verify that reference 1 and reference 2 indicators are displayed in the camera feed and that their metric coordinates (according to the chosen method) has been reported in the “Calibration” pop-up window.
3.2. Choose “Create .map” in “File” of the menu bar and all positions, boundaries and references displayed in the camera feed will be saved in the .map file and a snapshot image “.jpg” of the camera feed will be saved in the same folder. Also, two characterizations “ScanX(mm)” and “ScanY(mm)” containing the metric coordinates of the two reference marks and those of each position of the grid will be saved.

Mapping Toolbox – Calibration feature

What is the procedure to create a blank “.map” file?
NOTE. If no testing chamber is used proceed to step 5.

1. Completely screw the sample holder into the testing chamber and place the sample over it. If applicable, center the sample relative to the holder and rotate it in such a way that its orientation will approximately correspond to that of the corresponding surface positioning template image when seen by the technician in front of the testing chamber. Using a black marker, draw a mark on the top of the sample holder that will be used for the repositioning of the sample over the holder.

2. Remove the sample and unscrew the sample holder.

3. Depending on the sample type, a sample has to be attached to the sample holder following an appropriate method, either with screws and/or cyanoacrylate glue (recommended: Loctite 4013).

“Screws” method: In the case of sample holder (a – see Figure 1a), place the flat sample side in firm contact with the sample holder. Secure it with at least 2 screws from the bottom side. Make sure that the screws remain at least 1 cm away from the surface. In the case of sample holder (b – see Figure 1b), place the flat sample side in firm contact with the sample holder. Secure it from the periphery using its 6cone-ended screws. In the case of sample holder (c – see Figure 1c), place the sample in the middle. Secure it with its 2 screws.

“Glue” method: In the case of any sample holder with a flat portion (see Figure 1), make sure that the bottom surface of the sample and the flat portion of the sample holder are dry to ensure a good adherence. In the case of articular surfaces, apply the glue on the sample bottom (the bony part) and be careful not to touch the cartilage surface. If by mistake the glue touches the sample, try to clean the surface by using a flux of PBS, and report approximately the touched area in the laboratory book. The glued sample should be maintained for at least 1 minute to ensure a good adherence.

4. Screw the assembly into the testing chamber.

5. If required, create two reference points on the surface as per the “Calibration of the sample” section. If required, measure the horizontal distance between the references with a calibrated caliper and report the value (ideally, at a location specified in an associated protocol).

6. Adjust the position of the camera and its focus in such a way that the sample’s surface occupies the maximum space in the live camera feed while remaining completely visible by keeping a margin of about 5% at the 4 sides (right, left, up and down) to accommodate an eventual water refraction compensation, if applicable. It is recommended to use an appropriate surface positioning template to facilitate eventual mapping comparison between samples.
6.1. Choose “Import .map” in “File” of the menu bar.
6.2. Select the corresponding surface positioning template (*.map) and boundaries will be displayed by a closed contour (solid line) in the camera feed.
6.3. Adjust the position of the camera and its focus in such a way that the sample’s surface boundaries fit those of the surface positioning template.

7. Superimpose a position grid to the sample image. Positions could be added one by one according to a snapping grid (aligned) or anywhere on the sample. Also, positions could be imported through a previously created .map file. Note that it is important to edit/select a sub-surface in the Sub-SurfaceID field before adding a position in order to assign the position to a sub-surface.
7.1 If applicable, choose “Import .map” in “File” of the menu bar and select the corresponding position grid and the positions will be displayed by a circled marker in the camera feed.
7.2 If applicable, choose “Grid” in “View” of the menu bar to display a grid of snapping dots in the camera feed.
7.3 Edit the Sub-Surface ID field as defined in the associated protocol.
7.4 Choose “Add Positions” in “Edit” of the menu bar and click in the camera feed to add positions at each location of interest on the sample sub-surface.
7.5 If necessary, choose “Delete Positions” in “Edit” of the menu bar and click in the camera feed at each position that is not overlaid on a location of interest on the sample sub-surface and the position will be deleted from the camera feed.
7.6 Repeat steps 7.3 to 7.5 for each sub-surface of the sample.

8. If required, create the specific boundary of the sample sub-surfaces in order to refine the outline of the mapping surface for this specific sample (using at least 30 boundary points). If needed, surface boundary layer from the positioning template can be deleted first. Note that this step is important for the interpolation of characterization values to the boundary to obtain a complete mapping of the sample surface. Note that it is important to edit/select a sub-surface in the Sub-SurfaceID field before adding a boundary in order to assign the boundary to a sub-surface.
8.1. Choose “Boundary” in “View” of the menu bar to see boundaries in the camera feed.
8.2. Edit the Sub-Surface ID field as defined in the associated protocol.
8.3. Choose “Add Boundary” in “Edit” of the menu bar and click in the camera feed to define the boundary along the sample sub-surface and a closed contour will be created.
8.4. If necessary, choose “Delete Boundary” in “Edit” of the menu bar and click in the camera feed at a boundary point along the sample sub-surface and the closed contour will be reshaped consequently.
8.5. Repeat steps 8.2 to 8.4 for each sub-surface of the sample.

9. If required, add reference indicators on the two reference marks previously created at step 5.
9.1. Choose “Reference 1 (red)” in “Edit” of the menu bar and click in the camera feed at the first reference mark.
9.2. Choose “Reference 2 (blue) in “Edit” of the menu bar and click in the camera feed at the second reference mark.

10. Create this blank “Filename.map” file, where “Filename” is standardized filename format that it is recommended to define in an associated protocol (refer to Appendix I for a recommended file naming convention). When filename standardization is not necessary, any name can be used as “Filename”. Choose “Create .map” in “File” of the menu bar and all positions, boundaries and references displayed in the camera feed will be saved in the .map file and a snapshot image “.jpg” of the camera feed will be saved in the same folder.

Mapping Toolbox – Sample Holders

How does the "Clear Positions" function work?
Right-click of the mouse over the camera feed panel: This function removes all positions in the camera feed panel.

Mapping Toolbox – Camera feed window

How does the "Sub-SurfaceID" function work?
This function allows the selection of a sub-surface and the edition of the Sub-SurfaceID name. When selected, the color of the position markers in camera feed corresponding to the selected sub-surface changes (from grey to black) in order to facilitate visualization.

Mapping Toolbox – Sub-SurfaceID

How does the "Template Used" feature work?
This feature indicates which surface positioning template has been used to position the sample in the camera feed. When a surface positioning template is imported into the Mapping Toolbox through the function “Import.map”, this feature indicates the filename (*.map) of the last template imported.
How do I access the Help Menu?
The Help menu contains basic help functionalities (Figure 1) such as the user manual and information about the software/camera firmware.

User Manual - Click on this button to access a PDF file of this User Manual. The Adobe Reader™ must be installed on your computer. Visit https://www.adobe.com for installation details.

About - This function provides information about the software, firmware versions and camera serial number (Figure 2).

Mapping Toolbox – Help – About feature

Mapping Toolbox – Help Menu

How does the Camera Menu work?
The Camera menu provides the ability to control the camera feed.

Start - This function starts the camera feed. In this mode, the user can use all features in the Edit menu.
Stop - This function stops the camera feed. In this mode, the user cannot use all features in the Edit menu.

Mapping Toolbox – Camera Menu

How does the "Water Refraction (5% Compensation)" function work?
If required, this function applies a +5% scaling factor to the display of the positions, boundaries and references marks in the camera feed panel (this does not affect the pixel coordinates saved in the .map file). This feature is normally used to compensate for image distortion due to the presence of solution over the sample during manual characterization mapping of a biological sample. Note that the scaling is relative to the center of the grid.
How does the "Set Grid" function work?
This function will open a pop-up window to allow the user to configure the grid of snapping dots according to either an image-centered square configuration (size, in pixels, can be set from 10 to 200) or table configuration (# mcolumns and # rows can be set from 2 to 50, extended on the full image size).

Mapping Toolbox – Set Grid feature

Can the Mach-1 perform load control?
The Mach-1 is a displacement controlled type system. Most Mach-1 Motion functions are set up by indicating a required displacement profile for a specific stage. However, two functions works in load control. The Creep function moves a stage until a predefined load variation is reached and maintains this loading through real-time closed-loop PID adjustment of the stage position. This function can be used, for example, to study the deformation of a sample under constant loading. The second function, the Find Contact function, moves a stage until a predefined load variation (stop criteria) is measured by the load cell. This function can be used, for example, to detect the exact location of a sample surface or the bottom of a testing chamber, or to place an indenter in contact with a sample using a predefined load.
An alternate way to perform functions under quasi-load control is to apply a specific displacement profile known to generate a required load profile (assuming that the material is not subjected to creep).

Mach-1 Motion – Creep

How can I add boundaries to my sample in a mapping?
The "Boundary" function displays the boundaries of the surface (or its sub-surface), if defined, to facilitate the positioning of the sample or to see the boundaries when they are created.

"Add Boundary" allows the user to define the boundary of sub-surfaces of the sample. Click the camera feed panel over several points along sample boundary and a closed contour will be created. It is recommended to add boundary points in a clockwise or anti-clockwise order.

Right-click the mouse over the camera feed panel and select "Clear Boundaries" to remove all boundaries in the camera feed panel.

Note. It is important to edit/select a sub-surface in the Sub-SurfaceID field in order to assign a boundary to a sub-surface.

Mapping Toolbox – Boundary feature

How does the "Position ID" function work?
This function displays a position number at the bottom right of each position marker. These labels are consecutive numbers starting from 1 for the first position added in each sub-surface.

Mapping Toolbox – PositionID feature

How does the "Grid" function work?
This function displays a grid of snapping dots, in the camera feed panel, defined by the user. If no values for the grid have been previously defined by the user through the "Set Grid" feature, the software will automatically prompt the user through the "Set Grid" pop-up window. The snapping dots are overlaid on the camera feed panel to make it easier to line up positions added.

Mapping Toolbox – Grid feature

How can I dimension the top view image of my sample for the mappings?
This function allows the user to assign the metric coordinates of Reference 1 (red) and Reference 2 (blue). When Mach-1 metric coordinates are entered, ScanX(mm) and ScanY(mm) characterizations are calculated and exported in a ".map" file when created. This function is only applicable when Reference 1 (red) and Reference 2 (blue) markers are displayed in the camera feed panel and when all four fields are different from 0.

Click the camera feed panel on the first reference mark and a red marker will appear. At each click, the red marker will relocate.

Click the camera feed panel on the second reference mark and a blue marker will appear. At each click, the blue marker will relocate.

Right-click the mouse over the camera feed panel and select "Clear References" to remove all references from the camera feed panel.

Mapping Toolbox – Calibration feature

How can I delete a position in the Mapping Toolbox?
The "Delete Position" function allows the user to delete a position that is not overlaid on a location of interest on the sample. Click the camera feed panel on a position marker to remove it. For faster results, click and hold down the left mouse button on position markers displayed in the camera feed panel and they will be removed on mouse-over until the user releases the left mouse button.

Mapping Toolbox – Edit Menu

How does the "Add Position" function work?
Note. It is important to edit/select a sub-surface in the Sub-SurfaceID field in order to assign a position to a sub-surface.

This function allows the user to define a position of interest on the sample. Click the camera feed panel at each location of interest and a position marker will be added. When a snapping grid is displayed in the camera feed (grey dots), click and hold down the left mouse button in the camera feed panel and position markers will be added and be aligned to the snapping grid until the user releases the left mouse button.

Future measurements will be taken in the same order that position markers are added to the camera feed panel.

Mapping Toolbox – Edit Menu

How does the "Create .map" function work?
The "Create .map" function creates a ".map" file containing all positions, boundaries and references displayed in the camera feed panel as well as a snapshot image ".jpg" of the camera feed.

Mapping Toolbox – File Menu

How does the "Import .map" function work?
This function imports all information contained in a ".map" file (positions, boundaries and references) into the camera feed panel.

Mapping Toolbox – Edit Menu

How can I open a ".map" file?
First, use the "Open .map" function to open a ".map" file. Note that Mapping Toolbox will open only the referred files that are in the same folder as the opened file. A secondary panel, Mapping window, will appear where any characterization will be mapped and where controls can customize the mapping view.

The following commands are accessible through this secondary panel:
a. Characterization. Let the user choose which characterization will be overlaid on the image.
b. Sub-Surface. Let the user choose which sub-surface will be overlaid on the image. By default, all sub-surfaces are overlaid on the image.
c. Show boundary. If selected, boundaries of the selected characterization of the selected sub-surface will be overlaid on the image.
d. Show positions. If selected, positions of the selected characterization of the selected sub-surface will be overlaid on the image.
e. Positions size. Let the user define the size of the positions markers (circle diameter) that will be overlaid on the image.
f. Show positions ID. If selected, a position number at the bottom right of each position marker of the selected characterization of the selected sub-surface will be overlaid on the image.
g. Positions ID font size. Let the user define the font size of the position number (circle diameter) that will be overlaid on the image.
h. Show mapping. If selected, the mapping of the selected characterization of the selected sub-surface will be overlaid on the image.
i. Mapping transparency. Let the user define the transparency of the mapping that will be overlaid on the image. 0 being no transparency and 1 being 100% transparency.
j. Log-scale mapping. If selected, a natural logarithmic scale will be used to generate the mapping of the selected characterization of the selected sub-surface. If not selected, a linear scale will be used.
k. Mapping auto-scale. If selected, the maximal and minimal value of the scale will be automatically defined by the maximal and minimal value of the selected characterization of the selected sub-surface.
l. Maximal value. Let the user define the maximal value of the scale.
m. Minimal value. Let the user define the minimal value of the scale.
n. Show mapping triangles. If selected, the Delaunay triangles of the mapping that will be overlaid on the image. A Delaunay triangulation method is used to divide the selected sub-surface into a set of triangles to generate a color mapping.
o. Triangles borders width. Let the user define the border width of the triangles that will be overlaid on the image
p. Interpolate to boundary. If selected, a Kriging interpolation, which is essentially a weighted-distance interpolation of irregular spacing data points, will be used to obtain a complete mapping of the selected characterization of the selected sub-surface. The basic idea of a Kriging interpolation is to predict the value at a given point by computing a weighted average of the known values of the function in the neighborhood of the point.
q. Save Image. Save an image ".jpg" of the right panel display.
r. Save Scale. Save an image ".jpg" of the scale. Note that if transparency is used for the display of the mapping, it is suggested to modify the scale (using an image processing software) to display it with the same level of transparency over a uniform color representative of the sample average background.

Mapping Toolbox – Mapping Window

What is the “.map” file format?
The “.map” file is a tab-delimited text file containing the results of various characterizations performed on a single sample surface. Each column of the file describes information and results for one particular type of characterization (referred to as “CharacterizationX(Units)”) with the format presented in the table.

A “.map” file generally contains several columns (or characterizations), each with the same number of rows. A blank “.map” file is always created at the start and contains five characterizations (under the category: “MAPPING”). Each row characterizes a point in the image, it provides its pixel coordinates, its name (ID), its type, to which sub-surface it is attached and the results of all characterizations performed (when PointType is 0).

Note that in order to be properly managed by the Mapping Toolbox software, all raw data and “.map” file describing characterizations of a single sample surface should be placed in a single folder named “Filename” (see naming convention below). Any name can be given to a “.map” file, but it is recommended to use the following convention:
- a “.map” file containing only “PixelX”, “PixelY”, “PointID”, “PointType” and “Sub-SurfaceID” is named “Filename.map”.
- a “.map” file also containing results from CharacterizationX(Units) is named “Filename-CharacterizationX.map”
- a “.map” file containing results from Characterization1(Units), Characterization2(Units) and … is named “Filename-Characterization1-Characterization2-….map”. Whenever possible, in order to reduce the filename length, the category of the characterization can be used to describe characterizations of the same category. For example, a “.map” file containing the characterizations ScanX(mm) and ScanY(mm) could be named “Filename-Indentation-Dimensions.map”.

Mapping Toolbox – Different types of points in the camera feed

Mapping Toolbox – CharacterizationX Description

Mapping Toolbox – Format of the “.map” files

What menu items are in the Mapping Toolbox camera feed window?
The camera feed window of the software displays:
a. Actions accessible in “File” of the menu bar:
• Open .map, Import .map, Create .map and Exit
b. Actions accessible in “Edit” of the menu bar:
• Add Position, Add Boundary, Delete Position, Delete Boundary, Reference 1 (red), Reference 2 (blue) and Calibration
c. Actions accessible in “View” of the menu bar:
• Grid, PositionID, Boundary, Set Grid and Water Refraction (5% Compensation)
• Start and Stop
e. Actions accessible in “Help” of the menu bar:
• User Manual and About
f. Template Used: Indicates which surface positioning template has been used to position the sample in the camera feed.
g. Sub-Surface ID: Allows the selection of a sub-surface and the editing of the Sub-SurfaceID name.
h. Actions accessible with a right-click of the mouse (over the camera feed panel):
• Clear Positions, Clear Boundaries and Clear References

Mapping Toolbox – Camera feed window

What is the procedure for installing the Mapping Toolbox software for the first time?
  1. Install the Point Grey Research’s camera drivers by clicking on “FlyCaptureVersion.exe” (where “Version” corresponds to the latest released version) and by following on-screen instructions (it is recommended to use the “Complete” setup type and selections shown in the following figures). Note that the drivers can also be downloaded from (www.ptgrey.com).
  2. Install the latest version of Mapping Toolbox by clicking on “setup.exe” from the Mapping Toolbox software folder “Installer/Volume”. Contact Biomomentum for a license or to activate any purchased software add-ons. Refer to the user manual for details on the Software Licensing Agreement.
  3. Plug the camera in a compatible USB port of your computer.
  4. To verify proper camera installation, you can run the Point Grey FlyCap2 software installed on your computer during driver’s installation.

Mapping Toolbox – Camera drivers installation windows

What are the Minimum Requirements for a computer system to run the Mapping Toolbox software?
Minimum requirements are:
  • Windows Vista, 7 or 8 (32 & 64 bits)
  • 3 GB of RAM
  • 100 MB hard disk space for system applications
  • Screen resolution of 1366 x 768 pixels
  • USB Camera from Point Grey Research (PN: FMVU-13S2C-CS) and compatible lens
Please note that these items can be purchased from Biomomentum.
What is the Mapping Toolbox software?
The Mapping Toolbox is a data management software designed to record, manage, analyze and display various types of local characterization performed on the surface of a sample. Characterization data (“.map”, tab-delimited text file) is handled in the form of maps overlaid onto are representative image of the sample surface. Equipped with a camera, the software can also be used as a camera-registration positioning system to capture images of the sample surface and to facilitate manual characterization mapping. Eventually, new statistical modules (software add-ons) will be released to perform various statistical analyses within a single characterization mapping or among multiple mappings of comparable samples.
How does the "Elastic Model on Spherical Sample" feature works?
This tool allows for the computing and visualizing of the shear modulus (MPa) from an unconfined compression test performed using a flat indenter on a spherical sample (Figure 1).

Results analysis is performed considering small deformation of a perfectly spherical sample (with uniform elastic material properties) tested in unconfined compression between two flat platens. Curve fitting is based on Gauthier et al., 2004 who used the Hertz model predicting the force exerted by a rigid spherical body under small deformation (less than 10%) which is given by the equation (attached), where F(r) is the force exerted by the sphere when the distance separating the compressing platen surface from the bottom platen is r (and r ˂ 2 R0), u is the shear modulus and R0 is the bead's initial radius.

The radius of the spherical sample has to be specified in order to calculate the material properties. The error on the estimation of the best curve representing the compression curve is calculated using the root of the mean squares (RMS) method and is displayed under “RMSE”. For example, (Figure 2) shows parameters used for the “Stress Relaxation” (Mach-1 Motion) function in an unconfined compression protocol on a single spherical bead. Corresponding results are shown in (Figure 1).

Mach-1 Analysis – Elastic Model on Spherical Sample – parameters

Mach-1 Analysis – Elastic Model on Spherical Sample – Equation

Mach-1 Analysis – Elastic Model on Spherical Sample – Example

How does the "Elastic Model in Indentation" works?

This tool allows for the computing and visualizing of the shear modulus (MPa) and the Young’s modulus (MPa) from an indentation test performed using a spherical indenter (Figure 1). This model is well adapted for the mechanical characterization of samples (with critical diameter (width) at least 5 times the indenter diameter) bonded on a flat rigid support (at least 10 times stiffer than the sample), for example: any sheet of material lying on a rigid chamber base (limited sliding at the interface can be assumed) or a cartilage layer attached to a thick sub-chondral bone. A user license is required to obtain the results of the elastic model in indentation (Software Add-On, contact Biomomentum to obtain your license).

Results analysis is performed considering the indentation mechanics of an infinitely wide elastic layer bonded to a rigid half-space which has been developed as a model for the layered geometry of cartilage and subchondral bone (Hayes et al., 1972). (Figure 2) shows a schematic representing the modeled situation.

Many parameters need to be specified in order to calculate the different material properties.

1. Indenter Shape is:

  • Spherical
  • Plane-Ended Cylindrical

2. Indenter radius in mm.

3. Poisson ratio can be selected from a drop-down list (Figure 3)


4. Position @ contact is – defines the position of the left cursor:

  • to be curvefit – will automatically find the position contact which will give the smallest mean squared error (mse)
  • the value at t0 – will automatically take the position contact at the start of the curve
  • the following value (mm) – the user need to specify the value in the corresponding field next to the drop-down list
  • cursor position – the user can drag the left cursor to the wanted position contact

5. Sample thickness is the:

  • position @ contact – will automatically find the position at contact (position of the left cursor)
  • following value (mm) – the user need to specify the value in the corresponding field next to the drop-down list

6. Curvefit is up to – defines the position of the right cursor:

  • peak load – will automatically take the position of the peak load
  • delta load (unit) – the user need to specify the value of the desired delta load in the corresponding field next to the drop-down list
  • delta position (mm) – the user need to specify the value of the desired delta position in the corresponding field next to the drop-down list

The error on the estimation of the best curve representing the stress relaxation curve is calculated using the root of the mean squares (RMS) method and is displayed under “RMSE”. For example, (Figure 4) shows parameters used for the “Normal Indentation” (Mach-1 Motion) function in an indentation testing protocol on ovine articular surfaces. Corresponding results are shown in (Figure 1).

Spherical Indentation Guide – Mach-1 Mechanical Tester – Biomomentum

Mach-1 Analysis – Elastic Model in Indentation – Parameters

Mach-1 Analysis – Elastic Model in Indentation – Poisson ratio choices

Mach-1 Analysis – Elastic Model in Indentation – Cartilage & Subchondral bone

Mach-1 Analysis – Elastic Model in Indentation – Example

How does the "Poroelastic Model in Confined Compression" feature works?
This tool allows for the computing and visualizing of the aggregate modulus (MPa), the permeability (mm2/MPa·s) and the mean square error (RMSE) of the fit calculated from a “Stress Relaxation” curve (load or force vs. time) in confined compression (Figure 1) on a disk sample. The curve is fitted to the linear biphasic model (Mow et al., 1980 or Bursać et al., 1999) in order to obtain the mechanical properties of the disk. Sample radius, strain and sample thickness need to be specified.

This model is well adapted for the mechanical characterization of samples containing a liquid fraction and a solid matrix, for example: cartilage or gel samples. A user license is required in order to obtain the results of the poroelastic model in confined compression (Software Add-On, contact Biomomentum to obtain your license).

Mechanical properties can be obtained from the stress relaxation curves obtained under confined compression such as the aggregate modulus (HA) and the hydraulic permeability (k). The aggregate modulus is a measure of stiffness of the sample at equilibrium while the hydraulic permeability is the ability of the fluid to flow through the cartilage matrix.

For example, (Figure 2) shows parameters used for the “Stress Relaxation” function in a confined compression testing protocol on human cartilage disks. Corresponding results are shown in (Figure 1).

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Confined Compression – Parameters

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Confined Compression – Example

How does the "Poroelastic Model in Unconfined Compression" feature works?
This tool allows for the computing and visualizing of the fibril network modulus (MPa), the equilibrium modulus (MPa), the permeability (mm2/MPa·s), and the mean square error (RMSE) of the fit calculated from a “Stress Relaxation” curve (load or force vs. time) in unconfined compression (Figure 1) on a disk or osteochondral core sample. The curve is fitted to the linear fibril-network-reinforced biphasic model (Soulhat et al. 1999) in order to obtain the mechanical properties of the disk. Sample radius, strain, and Poisson’s ratio need to be specified. This model is well adapted for the mechanical description of samples containing a liquid fraction and a fibril network, for example: cartilage or gel samples. A user license is required in order to obtain the results of the poroelastic model in unconfined compression (Software Add-On, contact Biomomentum to obtain your license).

The nonhomogeneous composite model (i.e. linear fibril-network-reinforced biphasic model) is an extension of the previously developed isotropic homogeneous biphasic model, and was achieved by reinforcing the latter with a network of nonlinear fibrils distributed homogeneously in the r, θ, z directions and which resist extension only (Figure 2). The isotropic matrix is described by the drained elastic constants Em (Young’s modulus), vm (Poisson’s ratio) and a hydraulic permeability k. The fibril network is described by the Young’s modulus of individual fibrils ef which, combined with a fibril volume fraction χ (fibrils volume/ total-volume), results in an equivalent tensile modulus of the fibril network, Ef = 1/3 χ ef (since 1/3 of the fibrils are oriented in each of three mutually orthogonal directions).

For example, (Figure 3) shows parameters used for the “Stress Relaxation” function in an unconfined compression testing protocol on ovine cartilage disks. Corresponding results are shown in (Figure 1).

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Unconfined Compression – Parameters

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Unconfined Compression – Cartilage

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Unconfined Compression – Example

How does the "Sinusoid" model works?

This feature is used to obtain the Frequency, Amplitude and Offset of a sinusoidal signal. A blue line displays the theoretical sinusoid with the Frequency, Amplitude and Offset obtained (Figure 1). The values of the Frequency, Amplitude and Offset are indicated in the "Results" field. The units vary according to the graph’s axes.

This feature can also be used for sinusoidal stimulus-response analysis. Sinusoidal stimulus shall be selected on the x-axis and the sinusoidal response on the y-axis. The Modulus is the ratio of the response Amplitude over the stimulus Amplitude. The Phase is the phase difference between the response and the stimulus. The Modulus’ is computed as the Modulus*Cos(Phase) and the Modulus” is computed as the Modulus*Sin(Phase). A blue line displays the theoretical sinusoidal stimulus-response with the Frequency, Modulus and Phase obtained (Figure 2). The values of the Modulus and Phase are indicated in the “Results” field. The units vary according to the graph’s axes.

One use for this feature would be to compute material properties by multiplying the Modulus obtained by the appropriate geometric factors. For example, the Young’s Modulus can be obtained during uniaxial compression or tension on cylindrical sample with t/pi*r2 as the geometric factor, t is the thickness and r is the radius of the sample.

Mach-1 Analysis – Sinusoid – Example for stimulus-response analysis

Mach-1 Analysis – Sinusoid – Example for signals analysis

What are the stages specifications?
Stages Compression/Tension & Shear Torsion
Travel Range 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 mm 360° continuous
Resolution 0.5 or 0.1 um (high accuracy) 0.0005°
Maximum Velocity 100 mm/s 80°/s
Maximum Acceleration 500 mm/s² 320°/s²

Mach-1 – Specifications Fact Sheet

How the Arthro-BST Quantitative Parameter (QP) is calculated?
The quantitative parameter (QP) of the Arthro-BST corresponds to the number of microelectrodes in contact with cartilage (voltage below -2 mV) when the sum of their electric potentials reaches -100 mV.
What is an aggregate modulus?
The aggregate modulus (Ha) corresponds to the stiffness of the material at equilibrium when fluid has ceased flowing through it in a confined compression test configuration. The aggregate modulus can be calculated from Young's modulus (E) and the Poisson ratio (v) using the formula Ha=E(1-v)/[(1+v)(1-2v)].
How does the Stress Relaxation function works?
The “Stress Relaxation” function allows for applying sequences of ramp-hold displacements as shown in the figure. A sequence of ramp-hold displacements is specified by determining the number of ramps plus the amplitude and velocity of each ramp (the same amplitude and velocity are used for all ramps).

During a “Stress Relaxation” test, a ramp is executed at velocity V and amplitude A, followed by a relaxation (plateau) in which a constant position is held during a time period specified by the user. Several identical ramp-relaxation cycles may be executed one after another.

Parameters:
STAGE AXIS - On multi-axis systems, the user must specify which axis will perform the “Stress Relaxation”.
LOAD CELL AXIS - When using a multiple-axis load cell, the measurement axis can be selected.
Note: The selected “Load Cell Axis” must be consistent with the “Stage Axis”. For example, if the “Vertical (z)” stage axis is selected, the “Load Cell Axis” must have a component along the vertical axis, such as the load along the z axis (the force along z axis or the torque along the x or y axis uses a multiple-axis load cell) in order to eventually attain the “Stop based on” criteria. FAILURE TO MATCH THE “LOAD CELL AXIS” TO THE “STAGE AXIS” CAN RESULT IN DAMAGING OF THE LOAD CELL.
RAMP AMPLITUDE - This is the amplitude that the stage will reach. Full stage range is allowed. A positive amplitude will move the vertical stage down (compression), the horizontal stage, right, and the rotation stage, clockwise. Enter a negative amplitude for opposite directions.
RAMP VELOCITY - This is the velocity at which the stage executes the ramp. Refer to the specifications of your Mach-1™ model to learn of the velocity range allowed. In Mach-1 Motion, the speed is always specified in absolute value terms.
NUMBER OF RAMPS - This is the number of identical displacement/hold cycles to be executed.
STOP BASED ON - There are two ways of determining the end of each relaxation profile (ramp/hold cycle) before applying the next ramp: “Fixed Relaxation Time” and “Relaxation Rate”.
“Fixed Relaxation Time” specifies the duration of each relaxation.
“Relaxation Rate” dynamically monitors the load vs. time slope and ends the relaxation when this slope is less than the “Relaxation Rate per min.” specified by the user. The period over which the slope is calculated is specified by the “Time for Measurement of the Slope, s”. Although a longer period will result in a more accurate slope, keep in mind that the specified relaxation rate can be attained more quickly than the time for measurement of the slope.
FIXED RELAXATION TIME - Specify the relaxation duration when “Fixed Relaxation Time” is selected in the “Stop based on” menu.
RELAXATION RATE PER MIN - Specify the relaxation rate when “Relaxation Rate” is selected from the “Stop based on” menu. The units are grams per minute or newtons per minute, depending on the load measurement units of the selected load cell.
TIME FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE SLOPE - Specify the period over which the relaxation slope is calculated when “Relaxation Rate” is selected in the “Stop based on” menu.

Mach-1 Motion – Stress Relaxation Window

Mach-1 Motion – Stress Relaxation – Typical Position versus Time Curve

How does the Scan function works?
This function moves the X and Y horizontal stages (or Theta torsion stage) to the next position on a predefined positions list. Contrary to the other functions, this function is directly linked to the repetition number of the sequence (see Repetitions in the Sequence section). For example, in order to displace the stages to every position included on the list, the number of repetition of the sequence should correspond to the position number on the list (calculated in the “# Position” field). When the sequence is executed, the Scan function will move the stage to the first position on the list. At the second repetition of the sequence, the function will move the stages to the second position, and so on. When the number of repetitions of a sequence exceeds the number of positions on the list, the function will reuse the same set of positions in loop. For example, if a positions list contains 5 positions and the sequence is repeated 10 times, the 5 positions will be visited twice. To minimize the risk of damage to the load cell, before each repetition of the Scan function, the Z-axis stage will first be repositioned to the position it was at the first Scan of the sequence.

Parameters:
POSITIONS X-Y (UNITS) - List containing the X and Y (or Theta) coordinates of predefined positions.
LOAD X-Y - Loads the X and Y (or Theta) coordinates from a file (tab-delimited text file). When prompted, choose the file that only contains the coordinates to be added to the list.
PASTE X-Y - Pastes the X and Y (or Theta) coordinates from the clipboard into the table.
CLEAR XY - Clears all the X and Y (or Theta) coordinates in the table.

Mach-1 Motion – Scan Window

How does the Normal Indentation function works?
This function precisely detects the height and orientation of the surface of the sample at the XY position and records the load (for multiaxial load cell only) while simultaneously moving the three linear stages at different speeds in order to move a spherical indenter with a predefined displacement profile along a virtual axis normal to the surface of the sample.

Parameters:
Z-CONTACT CRITERIA - The user specifies the load to be reached until the stage stops moving. The software analyzes the load-displacement curve and moves the stage back to the position where the load had started to increase (twice the load cell resolution) (refer to Find Contact function description).
SCANNING GRID - Specify the distance "d" from the test location of the 4 control points at the surface in the vicinity of the test location (xi,yi) = (-d,0), (d,0), (0,-d) and (0,d).
INDENTATION AMPLITUDE - This is the amplitude of the normal indentation. Full stage range is allowed. A positive amplitude will move the indenter toward the sample (compression).
INDENTATION VELOCITY - This is the velocity of the normal indentation. Refer to the specifications of your Mach-1™ model to learn of the velocity range allowed. In Mach-1 Motion, the speed is always specified in absolute value terms.
RELAXATION TIME - This is the time period during which the position is maintained at the commanded amplitude (relaxation period).

Spherical Indentation Guide – Mach-1 Mechanical Tester – Biomomentum

Mach-1 Motion – Normal Indentation Window

How the main window of the Mach-1 Analysis software looks like? What are its main features?
The image attached shows the main window of the Mach-1 Analysis software. It consists of different configuration options, a main graphical panel and a result panel. The side panel is where you set the folder result path and the configure and save your test sequence. In the lower panel, you can set the acquisition rate, access the manual controls, load cell settings and other info about this software.

Mach-1 Analysis – Main Window

How does the Find Contact function works?
The Find Contact function moves a stage until a predefined load variation (stop criteria) is measured by the load cell, then it analyses the load-displacement curve and repositions the stage based on the selected stage repositioning option. This function can be used, for example, to detect the exact location of a sample surface or the bottom of a testing chamber (in this case the stage must be moved very slowly to avoid overloading the load cell), or to place an indenter in contact with a sample using a predefined load.

Parameters:
STAGE AXIS - On multi-axis systems, the user must specify which axis will perform the “Find Contact”.
LOAD CELL AXIS - When using a multiple-axis load cell, the force component on which the stop criteria (load or torque) will be applied has to be selected.
Note: The selected “Load Cell Axis” must be consistent with the “Stage Axis”. For example, if the “Vertical (z)” stage axis is selected, the “Load Cell Axis” must have a component along the vertical axis, such as the load or force along the z axis, or the torque along the x or y axis for the multiple-axis load cell, in order to fulfill the “Stop Criteria” at some point. FAILURE TO MATCH THE “LOAD CELL AXIS” TO THE “STAGE AXIS” CAN RESULT IN DAMAGE TO THE LOAD CELL.
DIRECTION - Specify if the stage has to start moving in the positive or negative direction. With a positive displacement, a vertical stage will move down (compression), a horizontal stage will move right, and a rotation stage will move clockwise. Enter a negative value for stage displacements in opposite directions.
STAGE VELOCITY, MM/S - Specify the speed at which the stage will move. Refer to the specifications of your Mach-1 model to learn of the velocity range allowed. In Mach-1 Motion, the speed is always specified in absolute value terms.
CONTACT CRITERIA, GF - The user specifies the “Contact Criteria” which corresponds to the variation of the load (relative to the load measured when this function is executed) and not the absolute load. For instance, if the load cell indicates 10.0 g when the function “Find Contact” is executed with a 2.0 g “Contact Criteria”, the stage will move in the positive direction until the load cell reads 12.0 g, or in the negative direction until the load reads 8.0 g.
STAGE LIMIT, MM - The user specifies the “Stage Limit” which corresponds to the maximum relative displacement of the executed function. This serve as a safety precaution for the load cell. For example, in the case of indenting very soft materials, this parameter can serve as an emergency stop if the contact criteria is never met. The stage can stop before hitting the sample holder and possibly damaging the load cell.
STAGE REPOSITIONING - Depending on the predefined stage velocity, the stage will continue to move (position will overshoot), more or less, following the reaching of the stop criteria (hardware delay). In order to compensate for this overshoot, this function automatically analyses the load-displacement curve generated and repositions the stage based on the selected stage repositioning option. There are three stage repositioning options:
  1. “None”; the stage remains at the position where it has stopped (overshoot)
  2. “Stop Criteria”; the stage is repositioned where the load variation first corresponded to the stop criteria (overshoot compensation)
  3. “2X Load Resolution”; the stage is repositioned where the load variation first corresponded to twice the load cell resolution (surface detection)

Mach-1 Motion – Find Contact – Stage Repositioning

Mach-1 Motion – Find Contact Window

Is it possible to add analog inputs to the mechanical tester?
Two Analog Inputs (Software Add-On required) can be added to the mechanical tester (see attached image). Use the checkboxes to activate one or both analog inputs channels. For each channel the ground reference setting can be set to “Differential” or “Single-Ended” and the voltage range set to ±10V, ±5V, ±1V or ±0.2V. Signals shall be connected to the dedicated SCC-68 box that is provided to users with this software add-on. See the SCC-68 reference label inside the box and/or the SCC-68 user guide for the proper location of the inputs terminals.

Mach-1 Motion – Analog Input Window

How the main window of the Mach-1 Motion software looks like? What are the main features?
The image attached shows the main window of the Mach-1 Motion software. It consists of different configuration options and two main data streaming graphs. The upper graph displays the position of the stage(s) in real-time. The lower graph displays the real-time output of the load cell (the forces and torques if using a multiple-axis load cell). The side panel is where you configure and save your test sequence. In the lower panel, you can set the acquisition rate, access the manual controls, load cell settings and other info about this software.

Mach-1 Motion – Main Window

How does the creep function works?
The Creep function moves a stage until a predefined load variation (Load Target (relative to initial load)) is reached and maintains this loading through real-time closed-loop PID adjustment of the stage position. This function can be used, for example, to study the deformation of a sample under constant loading. Note that tuning a PID requires a reasonable amount of closed-loop system understanding. A set of PID parameters optimized for a particular experimental configuration will probably be inappropriate for a different configuration and could even create system instabilities (oscillations) that can result in damage to the system.

Parameters:
STAGE AXIS - On multi-axis systems, the user must specify which axis will perform the “Creep”.
DIRECTION - Specify if the stage has to start moving in the positive or negative direction. With a positive displacement, a vertical stage will move down (compression), a horizontal stage will move right, and a rotation stage will move clockwise. Enter a negative value for stage displacements in opposite directions.
STAGE VELOCITY, MM/S - Specify the speed at which the stage will move. Refer to the specifications of your Mach-1™ model to learn about the velocity range allowed. In Mach-1 Motion, the speed is always specified in absolute value terms.
RELATIVE LOAD TARGET, GF OR N - Specify the relative amount of load to be applied and maintained on the sample. When a value is entered, the stage will initiate its movement until a change in load of that magnitude is reached. The value for Relative Load Target is specified in absolute value terms.
CREEP TIME, SEC - This is the time period during which the relative loading will be maintained. Note that after this period, the final stage position will be maintained.
P GAIN - This is the Proportional gain of the PID control loop. This is the main parameter that drives the feedback loop. Our experiments revealed that a good starting point for the optimization of this parameter is given by P = 0.001 (and I = 0), then raising P in logarithmic increments (0.01, 0.1, 1) until a satisfactory amplitude in reached. The higher the P value, the faster the error will be corrected, however if the P is made too large, the error can go negative (actual load > desired load) which may start a process where the stage starts to oscillate between speeding up and slowing down. This oscillation can result in the motor control system going unstable. A simple way to eliminate this instability would be to decrease P until the oscillation stops.
I GAIN - This is the Integral gain of the PID control loop. Integral control sums the error from each position update then multiplies the sum by the Integral gain, I. Our experiments revealed that for most creep tests, best results are achieved with I = 0. If a residual error exists while holding a load, the I value can also be incrementally increased until the error disappears.

Mach-1 Motion – Creep

What testing functions are available in the Mach-1 Motion software?
The “Function” menu is a dropdown list of all the available functions that can be used to build a “Sequence” (see Sequence section). As each “Function” is selected, the corresponding configurable parameters with their according units are displayed.

Available Functions:
  • Creep - Moves a stage until a predefined load variation is reached and maintains this loading through real-time adjustment of the position.
  • Find Contact - Moves a stage until a predefined load variation (stop criteria) is measured by the load cell.
  • Move Absolute - Used to make absolute stage displacements (i.e. move the stage to a given position).
  • Move Relative - Used to make relative stage displacements (i.e. move the stage at a given amplitude).
  • Normal Indentation (for model v500css only with Software Add-on) - Detects the height and orientation of the surface at the XY position and records the load while simultaneously moving the three linear stages at different speeds in order to move a spherical indenter with a predefined displacement profile along a virtual axis normal to the surface of the sample.
  • Paraboloid - A ramp followed by a release (same amplitude, opposite direction, any velocity, any acceleration).
  • Ramp-Release - A ramp followed by a relaxation (plateau) and a release (same amplitude, opposite direction, any velocity).
  • Scan (model v500css or v500cst required) - Moves all stages to the next position on a predefined positions list.
  • Sinusoid - Execute precise sinusoidal displacements.
  • Stress Relaxation - Applying sequences of ramp-hold displacements.
  • Wait - Acquire data from the motion controller and/or load cells without activating the motors.
  • Zero Load - Sets the current load read by the load cell back to zero (Tare).
  • Zero Position - Sets the current position read by the stage as the new zero.

Mach-1 Motion – Main Window

How can I activate the camera video feed in the software? What are its main features?
A Camera Feed (camera, lens and positioning arm) can be added to the mechanical Tester. These accessories allow the capture of series of high definition images of the sample during mechanical testing. Image capture is synchronized with the raw data of the mechanical test. With this Add-on feature activated, clicking on the “Show Camera” button will reveal a secondary panel of the Mach-1 Motion Main Window displaying the camera feed and related parameters (see Figure attached). At all times, it is possible to switch back to the regular panels by clicking on the “Hide Camera” button. It should be mentioned that by doing so, the status of the camera feed will remain unchanged and the configured acquisition will continue to progress in background. Clicking on the “Show Camera” activation button at the bottom right of the panel will launch the real-time camera feed. Note that the camera feed cannot be stopped using the activation button when a test sequence is running. In order for the images to be saved, the camera feed must be activated and a Mach-1 function must be saved. To store the images, a sub-folder will be automatically created using the name format “FileName_XXX”, where FileName is the user-specified filename and XXX is a function index (001 for the first function saved, 002 for the next one and so on). The images will be saved in this sub-folder with the name format “FileName_XXX_YYYYYYYY (.bmp)”, where YYYYYYYY corresponds to the time index of the corresponding function in tenths of a second.

Parameters:
SNAPSHOT - At any time when the camera feed is activated, a snapshot image can be saved.
RECORDING - Checkbox to perform an image recording during a data acquisition.
TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN IMAGE, SEC - Select the time interval (period) between each saved image. The minimum interval is 0.1s.
SETTING (POINT GREY RESEARCH) - Ideal parameters for “Camera Settings” tab:
  • Exposure: “Auto”
  • Shutter: “100ms”
  • Gain: User-specified (see figure below)
  • FrameRate: “10fps”
The “Standard Video Modes” tab is used to modify output image resolution. The “Camera Information” tab displays important information about this add-on.

Mach-1 Motion – Main Window with Video Feed – Gain

Mach-1 Motion – Main Window with Video Feed

Will you upgrade software from time to time? Do I need to pay for software upgrades?
Biomomentum Inc. warrants you that free software upgrades, when available, will be provided for a 24-month period from the date of shipment. After this time, upgrades will be provided, when available, at a separate charge, or under a separate agreement.
How flexible is the mechanical tester software to create custom cyclic loading protocols?
Our software is very versatile and easy to use. There is a set of basic functions (move absolute, move relative, sinusoidal, wait, paraboloid, etc) that you can combined in sequence. With this structure you can easily create any custom loading protocols.
Can I buy an extended warranty?
You can buy extended warranty for our products. Visit the Accessory section (category warranty) of the Catalog page.
Is the Mach-1 sold with a warranty? For how long is the warranty applicable?
Biomomentum Inc. warrants to the end-user customer that the MACH-1™ Micromechanical System will be free from defects in materials and workmanship within 24 months after delivery of the product to the original purchaser. Subject to certain exceptions and conditions, Biomomentum Inc. agrees, at its option, to correct by repair, by replacement, or by credit to the purchaser any defect of materials or workmanship, which develops within 24 months after delivery of the product. The Company’s limited warranty covers only those defects which arise as a result of normal use of the product, and do not apply to any: - Improper or inadequate maintenance; - Unauthorized modification; - Operation outside the product’s intended purposes; - Operation outside the product’s specifications; - Improper site preparation; - Inappropriate handling. The Company’s limited warranty does not cover load cells, which are extremely sensitive to manipulation. The Company shall be released from all obligations under its warranty for products that have been in contact with biohazard materials and/or radioactive materials. The Company shall be released from all obligations under its warranty in the event repairs or modifications are made by persons other than its own service personnel or authorized dealer personnel unless such repairs by others are made with written consent Biomomentum Inc.
How do I get a quote for a mechanical tester?
The 'Configurator' will help you configure a mechancial tester Mach-1 based on your unique test configurations. You will have access to your device and accessories and its estimated price in only a few minutes! If you prefer, you can also contact us directly.
How the mechanical tester raw data look like?
For each test, data are recorded in a tab-delimited text file. A simple header summarizes the parameters of the test (date, time, software version, tester serial, function's parameters, etc.) Based on the acquisition rate, at each timepoint the file will log the time, the position of each stage and the load measured for each load cell channel. Whenever synchronized image capture is activated, images (.raw) are stored in a separated folder with a time stamp.

Mach-1 – Raw Data Sample File (Image of Sin 2mm 0.2Hz 10cycles)

Mach-1 – Raw Data Sample File (Image of Sin 2mm 0.1Hz 5cycles)

Mach-1 – Raw Data Sample File

What is the elastic modulus in bending?
The elastic modulus in bending Ef : It is an intrinsic mechanical property of a material expressing the tendency of this material to bend. From the slope of the stress vs. strain graph during a flexural test and considering the geometry of the sample and the testing configuration (3-point bending), we can calculate the elastic modulus in bending. Although theoretically equivalent to the Young's modulus, these values may be different in experimental testing.

Lab Module — Bending of bone

LAB MODULE – Bending of Bone – Student Version

What is viscoelasticity?
Property of a material to exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Such material will show time-dependent mechanical behavior.

LAB MODULE – Torsion of Disk-Shaped Samples – Student Version

What is the ultimate tensile strength (tensile strength)?
Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress developed in a material before rupture in a tension test.

Lab Module — Tension and rupture of skin

LAB MODULE – Tension and Rupture of Skin – Student Version

What is Digital Image Correlation
Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is an analytical method relying on set of images to track 2D changes within images. Multiple synchronized sets can also be used to track 3D changes within images. It offers full field analysis of material and enables the characterization of local mechanical properties as well as interaction between components in a compound of materials. As a non-contact displacement and strain measurement method, it enables characterization of soft materials without interfering with their mechanical properties. This method is thus well adapted for assessment of biological and composite material, as well as geometrically complex materials, submitted to different constraint. As a method of full field assessment of material, results from these analyses can also be used as validation for FEA models.
What is the yield strength?
What is the area moment of inertia?
The area moment of inertia I is a quantity used in the calculation of an object's ability to resist bending. The area moment of inertia depends on the shape of the cross-section and is measured in units of mm4.

Lab Module — Torsion of bone

Lab Module — Bending of bone

LAB MODULE – Bending of Bone – Student Version

LAB MODULE – Torsion of Bone – Student Version

What is the maximum flexural strength?
The maximum flexural strength (σf ) is a material property defined as the stress in a material just before it yields (or plastic deformation) in a flexion (bending) test. The maximum flexural strength is independent of the samples shape and testing configuration (3-point bending). It represents the highest stress experienced within the material at the moment of yield.

Lab Module — Bending of bone

LAB MODULE – Bending of Bone – Student Version

What is the section modulus?
The section modulus Z is calculated as the ratio between the area moment of inertia and the distance from the centroid to the top or bottom edge of the sample (d/2).

Lab Module — Bending of bone

LAB MODULE – Bending of Bone – Student Version

What is the plastic region?
Region of a stress-strain curve where the deformation undergone by a material remains after the load is removed. The plastic deformation is the permanent part of the deformation beyond the elastic limit of a material.

Lab Module — Tension and rupture of skin

LAB MODULE – Tension and Rupture of Skin – Student Version

What is the elastic region?
Linear region of a stress-strain curve where a material deformed under load or strain will return to its original shape when the stress is released. The slope of the elastic region is used in the calculation of the Young's modulus.

Lab Module — Tension and rupture of skin

LAB MODULE – Tension and Rupture of Skin – Student Version

What is the strain rate?
Change in strain or deformation of a material with respect to time.
What is the elasticity?
Property of a material to deform under load or strain and to return to its original shape when the stress is released.

Lab Module — Torsion of bone

LAB MODULE – Unconfined Compression of Hydrogel Disks – Student Version

LAB MODULE – Torsion of Bone – Student Version

What is the stiffness K?
A structural property of a sample. By plotting force vs. displacement during an unconfined compression and extracting the slope, we obtain the stiffness of the sample. In Mach-1 Analysis, the slope is in gram-force per mm (gf/mm). The gram-force is 1 gram multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity on Earth, exactly 9.80665 m/s².

Lab Module — Unconfined compression of hydrogel disks

What is the toe region?
Region of a stress-strain curve prior to the elastic region. The shape of the toe region is different from that of the elastic region due to the primary realignment of the sample in the grip, the straightening of slack fibers and the rotation of collagen fibers to align with the direction of elongation.

LAB MODULE – Tension and Rupture of Skin – Student Version

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