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Indenter, Flat (D = 31.75 mm)
Indenter, Flat (D = 31.75 mm) - Image 2
Indenter, Flat (D = 31.75 mm) - Image 3

Indenter, Flat (D = 31.75 mm)

MA263

A flat-ended indenter

SKU: MA263 Categories: ,

This versatile indenter can be used in several test configuration and is a very popular accessory for the mechanical tester.

  • This accessory has been designed to facilitate cleaning and desinfection.
  • This part has a robust design and will keep its integrity for years
  • Designed to be used in contact with physiological saline solution
  • Easy to assemble and mount on the tester
  • A knurling facilitates assembly
  • Compatible with multiaxial load cells
  • Compatible with single axis load cells
Material

Stainless Steel 316L
Diameter

31.75 mm
Upper Attachment

1/4-28 Male Thread

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Test configurations (5)

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2022 · Thesis

Thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogels for extrusion-based bioprinting and injectable scaffold for articular tissue engineering

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2021 · Journal Articles

Human Osteochondral Explants: Reliable Biomimetic Models to Investigate Disease Mechanisms and Develop Personalized Treatments for Osteoarthritis

Evelyn Houtman; Marcella van Hoolwerff; Nico Lakenberg; Eka H. D. Suchiman; Enrike van der Linden-van der Zwaag; Rob G. H. H. Nelissen; Yolande F. M. Ramos; Ingrid Meulenbelt

Rheumatol Ther (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40744-021-00287-y

25 citations · 11 in 2025–2026

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2021 · Journal Articles

The role of synovial fluid constituents in the lubrication of collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for cartilage repair

Austyn R. Matheson; Eamon J. Sheehy; Gregory D. Jay; W. Michael Scott; Fergal J. O'Brien; Tannin A. Schmidt

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2021, 104445, ISSN 1751-6161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104445

11 citations · 6 in 2025–2026

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2021 · Journal Articles

Thermo-responsive chitosan/silk fibroin/amino-functionalized mesoporous silica hydrogels with strong and elastic characteristics for bone tissue engineering

Yifeng Yu; Xiaofeng Yu; Danlei Tian; Aixi Yu; Ying Wan

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 182, 2021, Pages 1746-1758, ISSN 0141-8130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.166.

37 citations · 13 in 2025–2026

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January 15, 2020 · Journal Articles

Anthropomorphic and biomechanical mockup for abdominal aortic aneurysm

Zinan He; Rosaire Mongrain; Simon Lessard; Boris Chayer; Guy Cloutier; Gilles Soulez

Medical Engineering and Physics 77 (2020), 60–68. Original publisher PDF hosted by the author laboratory (LBUM, CRCHUM). Electronic publication date 15 January 2020 confirmed by PubMed 31954613. Original abstract: English. Human detail applies to the surgical AAA tissue, not the synthetic hydrogel or silicone. Tensile tests were performed using a Bose Enduratec ELF 3200, not Mach-1.

4 citations · 2 in 2025–2026

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2020 · Journal Articles

Embedded 3D Bioprinting of Gelatin Methacryloyl-Based Constructs with Highly Tunable Structural Fidelity

Liqun Ning; Riya Mehta; Cong Cao; Andrea Theus; Martin Tomov; Ning Zhu; Eric R. Weeks; Holly Bauser-Heaton; Vahid Serpooshan

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, XXXX, Publication Date: September 23, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c15078

165 citations · 49 in 2025–2026

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2020 · Thesis

Experimental Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Injury Models and Repair Implants

Jason Patrick Caffrey

UC San Diego, PhD dissertation, 2020. Exact thesis cover/title/author and complete original dissertation abstract read in official eScholarship PDF (PDF pp.15–16). Original methods PDF pp.37–38 explicitly identify Mach-1 V500 and anterior/posterior tibia displacement ±75 N at 0.5 mm/s to assess intact native rabbit knee laxity. Custom Material denotes the whole native knee, not isolated cartilage or implant metal. Shear denotes the described joint-level anterior-posterior relative translation; no material shear modulus or isolated cartilage shear claim. Gait-like loading later in the chapter uses a separate custom stepper-motor apparatus; spine cage studies are not assigned to Mach-1. Local download refused HTTP403; PDF optional. Abstract copied in full with only page number artifacts removed.

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2020 · Journal Articles

Guided bone marrow stimulation for articular cartilage repair through a freeze-dried chitosan microparticle approach

Caroline D. Hoemann; Jessica Guzmán-Morales; Geneviève Picard; Gaoping Chen; Daniel Veilleux; Anik Chevrier; Sotcheadt Sim; Martin Garon; Eric Quenneville; Charles-Hubert Lafantaisie-Favreau; Michael D. Buschmann; Mark B. Hurtig

Materialia, 2020, 100609, ISSN 2589-1529, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100609.

6 citations · 0 in 2025–2026

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2020 · Journal Articles

High Throughput Screening of Cell Mechanical Response Using a Stretchable 3D Cellular Microarray Platform

Kabilan Sakthivel; Hitendra Kumar; Mohamed G. A. Mohamed; Bahram Talebjedi; Justin Shim; Homayoun Najjaran; Mina Hoorfar; Keekyoung Kim

Small 2020, 2000941. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202000941

27 citations · 7 in 2025–2026

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2020 · Journal Articles

In situ-gelling starch nanoparticle (SNP)/O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) nanoparticle network hydrogels for the intranasal delivery of an antipsychotic peptide

Michael J. Majcher; Ali Babar; Andrew Lofts; Ashlyn Leung; Xiaoyun Li; Fahed Abu-Hijleh; Niels M.B. Smeets; Ram K. Mishra; Todd Hoare

Journal of Controlled Release, 2020, ISSN 0168-3659, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.050

79 citations · 22 in 2025–2026

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2020 · Reports

Mechanical and Glucose Stimulation of Bovine Chondrocytes Affect ECM Synthesis

Christian Lecce

Ryerson University. MEng major research project, 2020. Repository/Scholar date 2023 differs from cover year and repository Year field. The introductory protocol differs from Methods; the equipment note follows the explicit Methods section. Original abstract: English.

0 citations · 0 in 2025–2026

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2020 · Journal Articles

Nanocolloidal Hydrogel with Sensing and Antibacterial Activities Governed by Iron Ion Sequestration

Mahshid Chekini; Elena Krivoshapkina; Liubov Shkodenko; Elena Koshel; Maria Shestovskaya; Marina Dukhinova; Sina Kheiri; Nancy Khuu; Eugenia Kumacheva

Chem. Mater. 2020, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXX Publication Date:November 16, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03362

62 citations · 18 in 2025–2026

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2020 · Journal Articles

Phosphorylation of chitosan to improve osteoinduction of chitosan/xanthan-based scaffolds for periosteal tissue engineering

Renata Francielle Bombaldi de Souza; Fernanda Carla Bombaldi de Souza; Andrea Thorpe; Diego Mantovani; Ketul C. Popat; Ângela Maria Moraes

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules Volume 143, 15 January 2020, Pages 619-632 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.004

102 citations · 26 in 2025–2026

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2020 · Journal Articles

Photochemically Activated Notch Signaling Hydrogel Preferentially Differentiates Human Derived Hepatoblasts to Cholangiocytes

Muhammad Rizwan; Ana Fokina; Tove Kivijärvi; Mina Ogawa; Markus Kufleitner; Onofrio Laselva; Laura J. Smith; Christine E. Bear; Shinichiro Ogawa; Gordon Keller; Molly S. Shoichet

Advanced Functional Materials. First published: 23 October 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202006116

26 citations · 7 in 2025–2026

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2019 · Journal Articles

Comparative study on complexes formed by chitosan and different polyanions: Potential of chitosan-pectin biomaterials as scaffolds in tissue engineering

Fernanda Carla Bombaldi de Souza; Renata Francielle Bombaldi de Souza; Bernard Drouin; Diego Mantovani; Ângela Maria Moraes

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 132, 1 July 2019, Pages 178-189

47 citations · 7 in 2025–2026

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2019 · Journal Articles

Morphology and composition play distinct and complementary roles in the tolerance of plantar skin to mechanical load

Colin J. Boyle; Magdalena Plotczyk; Sergi Fayos Villalta; Sharad Patel; Shehan Hettiaratchy; Spyros D. Masouros; Marc A. Masen; Claire A. Higgins

Science Advances, 09 Oct 2019: Vol. 5, no. 10, eaay0244, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0244

70 citations · 25 in 2025–2026

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2019 · Journal Articles

Multi-modal characterization of polymeric gels to determine the influence of testing method on observed elastic modulus

David M. Kingsley; Caitlin H. McCleery; Christopher D.L. Johnson; Michael T.K. Bramson; Deniz Rende; Ryan J. Gilbert; David T. Corr

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, available online 10 January 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.01.003

33 citations · 15 in 2025–2026

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July 29, 2018 · Journal Articles

Biomechanical properties and microstructure of neonatal porcine ventricles

Faizan Ahmad; Raj. Prabhu; Jun Liao; Shwe Soe; Michael D. Jones; Jonathan Miller; Parker Berthelson; Daniel Enge; Katherine M. Copeland; Samar Shaabeth; Richard Johnston; Ian Maconochie; Peter S. Theobald

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 88 (2018), 18–28. Accepted manuscript deposited in Swansea University Cronfa; original English abstract copied from manuscript PDF page 4. Specimen: native neonatal porcine ventricular myocardium, represented by Custom Material because the current Heart (Tissue Engineering) category would be misleading. Biaxial extension used a separate system.

27 citations · 7 in 2025–2026

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July 24, 2018 · Journal Articles

Promoting intracellular delivery of sub-25 nm nanoparticles via defined levels of compression

Hongrong Yang; Yifei Yao; Huize Li; Lok Wai Cola Ho; Bohan Yin; Wing-Yin Yung; Ken Cham-Fai Leung; Arthur Fuk-Tat Mak; Chung Hang Jonathan Choi

Nanoscale.2018;10(31):15090–15102. Firstonline24July2018;issue21August2018. DOI10.1039/c8nr04927k.

16 citations · 3 in 2025–2026

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2018 · Journal Articles

In Situ Cross-Linking of Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Graphene Oxide–Polyethylene Glycol Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Artificial Cartilage Replacement: Intercalation Structure, Unconfined Compressive Behavior, and Biotribological Behaviors

Yeqiao Meng; Lin Ye; Phil Coates; Peter Twigg

J. Phys. Chem. C, 2018, 122 (5), pp 3157–3167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b12465

75 citations · 9 in 2025–2026

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2017 · Journal Articles

Effect of a Rapidly Degrading Presolidified 10 kDa Chitosan/Blood Implant and Subchondral Marrow Stimulation Surgical Approach on Cartilage Resurfacing in a Sheep Model

Angela D. Bell; Mark B. Hurtig; Eric Quenneville; Georges-Étienne Rivard; Caroline D. Hoemann

Cartilage. 2017;8(4):417–431. First published online 11 November 2016.

7 citations · 0 in 2025–2026

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April 27, 2016 · Journal Articles

Transparent Porous Polysaccharide Cryogels Provide Biochemically Defined, Biomimetic Matrices for Tunable 3D Cell Culture

Roger Y. Tam; Stephanie A. Fisher; Alexander E. G. Baker; Molly S. Shoichet

Chemistry of Materials 28 (2016), 3762–3770. Published 27 April 2016. Original publisher PDF deposited by the author laboratory at University of Toronto; title, authors, DOI, complete original abstract and Experimental Section visually checked. PDF p.2 explicitly documents uniaxial unconfined compression of HA-furan/PEG cryogels. Cells and other material assays are not assigned to Mach-1; no donor species is inferred from hyaluronan.

51 citations · 2 in 2025–2026

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2016 · Meeting abstracts & presentations

Cellularized collagen gels for tissue engineered vascular wall: in vitro models alternative to in vivo testing

Loy Caroline; Meghezi S�bastien; Seifu Dawit; Pezzoli Daniele; Bono Nina; Levesque Lucie; Drouin Bernard; Mantovani Diego

Poster #P.0616 on Thursday May 19 from 15:00 to 16:30 in room 220BCD (P3) during World Biomaterials Congress, Montreal, May 2016.

0 citations · 0 in 2025–2026

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2016 · Meeting abstracts & presentations

Changes in Collagen and Sulphated Proteoglycan Synthesis by Multilamellated AF Tissues Cultured in vitro on Aligned Nanofibrous Polyurethane Constructs Under Dynamic Compressive Loading

Iu J; Santerre JP; Kandel RA

Presentation #331.2 on Fri May 20 from 16:30 to 18:30 in room 511E during the World Congress on Biomechanics, Montreal, May 2016.

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2016 · Meeting abstracts & presentations

Highly oriented in situ gelling nanocomposite hydrogels as tissue engineering scaffolds for promoting directional cell growth

De France Kevin; Yager Kevin; Chan Katelyn; Hoare Todd; Cranston Emily

Poster #P.0554 on Thursday, May 19 from 15:00 to 16:30 in room 220BCD (P3) during World Biomaterials Congress, Montreal, May 2016

0 citations · 0 in 2025–2026

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2016 · Journal Articles

Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels Enable Rod Photoreceptor Survival and Maturation In Vitro through Activation of the mTOR Pathway

Nikolaos Mitrousis; Roger Y. Tam; Alexander E. G. Baker; Derek van der Kooy; Molly S. Shoichet

Advanced Functional Materials 26, 1975–1985 (2016). Original publisher PDF deposited on the author laboratory website. Original abstract: English. Mechanical specimens are HAPEG hydrogels, not isolated rod photoreceptors.

33 citations · 2 in 2025–2026

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2016 · Meeting abstracts & presentations

The effects of frequency on matrix remodeling induced in dynamically strained collagen-based cellularised scaffolds

Levesque Lucie; Loy Caroline; Lain� Audrey; Bono Nina; Drouin Bernard; Mantovani Diego

Oral.238.51 on Wed May 19 from 16:30 to 18:30 in room 519 during World Biomaterials Congress, Montreal, May 2016

0 citations · 0 in 2025–2026

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2015 · Meeting abstracts & presentations

Dynamic Axial Loading Disrupts Lateral Integration of Arthritic Human Articular Cartilage and Synthetic Tissue Engineered Scaffolds in an Ex Vivo Ring Model

Mintz BR; Papaliodis D; Jordan S; Leonard G; Mulligan M; Cooper JA

Orthopeadic Research Society Annual Meeting in Las Vegas, 2015, Abstract 0390

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2015 · Meeting abstracts & presentations

Mechanical characterization of matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI®) grafts in an equine model at 53 weeks

Darvin J. Griffin; Edward D. Bonnevie; Devin J. Lachowsky; James C.A. Hart; Holly D. Sparks; Nance Moran; Gloria Matthews; Alan J. Nixon; Itai Cohen; Lawrence J. Bonassar

Journal of biomechanics, 48(10), 1944-1949. (2015)

59 citations · 8 in 2025–2026

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2015 · Journal Articles

Photo-cross-linked methacrylated polysaccharide solution blends with high chondrocyte viability, minimal swelling, and moduli similar to load bearing soft tissues

James W.S. Hayami; Stephen D. Waldman; Brian G. Amsden

European Polymer Journal. 2015;72:687–697. November2015issue. DOI:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.01.038. Equipment methods documented in corresponding2014thesis study,Chapter6;finalpublishedmethodsnotindependentlyobtained.

20 citations · 2 in 2025–2026

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2015 · Journal Articles

Tribology-optimised silk protein hydrogels for articular cartilage repair

Maria Parkes; Connor Myant; Daniele Dini; Philippa Cann

Tribology International.2015;89:9–18.DOI:10.1016/j.triboint.2014.11.024. Issue September2015;exact first-online date unverified. Methods provenance:Parkes2014PhD chapter6, matched original publisher preview. Not an explicit reprint; final journal methods not independently read.

36 citations · 3 in 2025–2026

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2014 · Meeting abstracts & presentations

Correlation of Non-destructive Electromechanical Probe (Arthro-BST) Assessment with Histological Scores, Biochemical Composition and Mechanical Properties in Human Knee Joints

Sim S; Chevrier A; Quenneville E; Garon M; Buschmann MD

Transactions of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, New Orleans, LA, USA, Poster 0439, 2014

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2014 · Meeting abstracts & presentations

Novel Technique to Map the Biomechanical Properties of Entire Articular Surfaces Using Indentation to Identify Osteoarthritis-like Regions

Sim S; Chevrier A; Garon M; Quenneville E; Buschmann MD

Transactions of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 2014, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2015, Poster #2015

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November 6, 2013 · Journal Articles

Injectable, high modulus, and fatigue resistant composite scaffold for load-bearing soft tissue regeneration

James W. S. Hayami; Stephen D. Waldman; Brian G. Amsden

Hayami JWS, Waldman SD, Amsden BG. Biomacromolecules. 2013. DOI: 10.1021/bm4010595. Original journal abstract: Europe PMC PMID 24147621. Methods: author thesis chapter 5 explicitly reproducing this DOI, physical PDF pp81,88-89.

13 citations · 0 in 2025–2026

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2013 · Meeting abstracts & presentations

Electroarthrography provides a non-invasive streaming potential-based method for detecting natural and trypsin-induced cartilage degeneration in equine fetlock joints

A. Changoor; M. Hoba; M. Garon; E. Quenneville; K. Gordon; M.D. Buschmann; P. Savard; M.B. Hurtig

OARSI meeting abstract. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2013;21:S103. Related OARSI 2013 poster retained internally.

3 citations · 0 in 2025–2026

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January 7, 2010 · Journal Articles

Improved bioengineered cartilage tissue formation following cyclic compression is dependent on upregulation of MT1‐MMP

J. N. Amrith De Croos; Peter J. Roughley; Rita A. Kandel

Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2010;28(7):921-927. DOI:10.1002/jor.21064. First online 2010-01-07. Methods provenance:earlier ORS2009poster1051;distinctive MT1MMPsiRNA/MMP13 result correspondence. Not official reprint;final journal methods not independently read.

7 citations · 1 in 2025–2026

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2010 · Thesis

Extraction and Comparative Analysis of the Intrinsic Mechanical Properties of Porcine Growth Plates at Four Developmental Stages [English translation]

Roxanne Wosu

MASc thesis, École Polytechnique de Montréal, 2010 (degree/title-page year). Original French title: Extraction et analyse comparative des propriétés mécaniques intrinsèques des plaques de croissance porcines à quatre stades développementaux.

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2009 · Meeting abstracts & presentations

Streaming Potential-Based Arthroscopic Device Can Detect Changes Immediately Following Localized Impact in an Equine Impact Model of Osteoarthritis

A. Changoor; E. Quenneville; M. Garon; M.B. Hurtig; M.D. Buschmann

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Vol. 17, Supplement 1, S53, World Congress on Osteoarthritis, September 2009, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (2009)

1 citation · 0 in 2025–2026

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April 12, 2007 · Journal Articles

Multi-axial mechanical stimulation of tissue engineered cartilage: Review

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; SD Waldman; DC Couto; MD Grynpas; RM Pilliar; RA Kandel

European Cells and Materials. 2007.

84 citations · 4 in 2025–2026

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FAQ

How does the "Elastic Model on Spherical Sample" feature works?
This tool allows for the computing and visualizing of the shear modulus (MPa) from an unconfined compression test performed using a flat indenter on a spherical sample (Figure 1).

Results analysis is performed considering small deformation of a perfectly spherical sample (with uniform elastic material properties) tested in unconfined compression between two flat platens. Curve fitting is based on Gauthier et al., 2004 who used the Hertz model predicting the force exerted by a rigid spherical body under small deformation (less than 10%) which is given by the equation (attached), where F(r) is the force exerted by the sphere when the distance separating the compressing platen surface from the bottom platen is r (and r ˂ 2 R0), u is the shear modulus and R0 is the bead's initial radius.

The radius of the spherical sample has to be specified in order to calculate the material properties. The error on the estimation of the best curve representing the compression curve is calculated using the root of the mean squares (RMS) method and is displayed under “RMSE”. For example, (Figure 2) shows parameters used for the “Stress Relaxation” (Mach-1 Motion) function in an unconfined compression protocol on a single spherical bead. Corresponding results are shown in (Figure 1).

Mach-1 Analysis – Elastic Model on Spherical Sample – parameters

Mach-1 Analysis – Elastic Model on Spherical Sample – Equation

Mach-1 Analysis – Elastic Model on Spherical Sample – Example

How does the "Poroelastic Model in Unconfined Compression" feature works?
This tool allows for the computing and visualizing of the fibril network modulus (MPa), the equilibrium modulus (MPa), the permeability (mm2/MPa·s), and the mean square error (RMSE) of the fit calculated from a “Stress Relaxation” curve (load or force vs. time) in unconfined compression (Figure 1) on a disk or osteochondral core sample. The curve is fitted to the linear fibril-network-reinforced biphasic model (Soulhat et al. 1999) in order to obtain the mechanical properties of the disk. Sample radius, strain, and Poisson’s ratio need to be specified. This model is well adapted for the mechanical description of samples containing a liquid fraction and a fibril network, for example: cartilage or gel samples. A user license is required in order to obtain the results of the poroelastic model in unconfined compression (Software Add-On, contact Biomomentum to obtain your license).

The nonhomogeneous composite model (i.e. linear fibril-network-reinforced biphasic model) is an extension of the previously developed isotropic homogeneous biphasic model, and was achieved by reinforcing the latter with a network of nonlinear fibrils distributed homogeneously in the r, θ, z directions and which resist extension only (Figure 2). The isotropic matrix is described by the drained elastic constants Em (Young’s modulus), vm (Poisson’s ratio) and a hydraulic permeability k. The fibril network is described by the Young’s modulus of individual fibrils ef which, combined with a fibril volume fraction χ (fibrils volume/ total-volume), results in an equivalent tensile modulus of the fibril network, Ef = 1/3 χ ef (since 1/3 of the fibrils are oriented in each of three mutually orthogonal directions).

For example, (Figure 3) shows parameters used for the “Stress Relaxation” function in an unconfined compression testing protocol on ovine cartilage disks. Corresponding results are shown in (Figure 1).

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Unconfined Compression – Parameters

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Unconfined Compression – Cartilage

Mach-1 Analysis – Poroelastic Model in Unconfined Compression – Example

How does the "Sinusoid" model works?

This feature is used to obtain the Frequency, Amplitude and Offset of a sinusoidal signal. A blue line displays the theoretical sinusoid with the Frequency, Amplitude and Offset obtained (Figure 1). The values of the Frequency, Amplitude and Offset are indicated in the "Results" field. The units vary according to the graph’s axes.

This feature can also be used for sinusoidal stimulus-response analysis. Sinusoidal stimulus shall be selected on the x-axis and the sinusoidal response on the y-axis. The Modulus is the ratio of the response Amplitude over the stimulus Amplitude. The Phase is the phase difference between the response and the stimulus. The Modulus’ is computed as the Modulus*Cos(Phase) and the Modulus” is computed as the Modulus*Sin(Phase). A blue line displays the theoretical sinusoidal stimulus-response with the Frequency, Modulus and Phase obtained (Figure 2). The values of the Modulus and Phase are indicated in the “Results” field. The units vary according to the graph’s axes.

One use for this feature would be to compute material properties by multiplying the Modulus obtained by the appropriate geometric factors. For example, the Young’s Modulus can be obtained during uniaxial compression or tension on cylindrical sample with t/pi*r2 as the geometric factor, t is the thickness and r is the radius of the sample.

Mach-1 Analysis – Sinusoid – Example for stimulus-response analysis

Mach-1 Analysis – Sinusoid – Example for signals analysis

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