Brain
Brain is a soft tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates.
About this material
Brain is a soft tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates. It is highly heteregenous because it contains both white and gray matter, which have different mechanical behaviors. Commonly used test methods for brain tissue are dynamic shear, tension, compression and indentation. Brain can be mechanically tested for bulk properties or in separate samples for constitutive modeling of brain tissue. A complete knowledge of the mechanical properties of brain tissue is needed to relate the mechanical response of the tissue to actual damage. Also, accurate information about tissue properties will allow implementing finite element analysis of brain tissue models.
Mechanical testing applications
Mechanical testing of brain is performed to learn about its reaction to injury, surgery and pathologies. Moreover, accurately measured mechanical properties of brain tissue are needed to aid in the development of automated surgical tools, robots and surgeon training systems.
Test configurations (11)
Unconfined Compression
Indentation (Stiffness)
3D Thickness Mapping
Impact

Temperature Control
External Analog Sensors
Camera Feed
Positioning (Manual)
Positioning (X Auto)
Positioning (XY Auto)
Case studies (3)
Related resources (3)
Related literature
A Needle Biopsy-Inspired Method for Rapid Mechanical Characterization of Soft Tissue
Zhaokai Wang; Syed Ali Raza Bukhari; Tiffany Yu; Diancheng Li; Matthew A. Robertson; Andrew Giles; Jamie Purzner; Yong Jun Lai; Xian Wang
IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, vol. 23, pp. 13703-13711, Published: 23 July 2026
0 citations · 0 in 2025–2026
Investigating the Regional, Directional, and Rate-Dependent Mechanical Response of Fixed Human Brain Tissue Under Compression
Alejandro Matos Camarillo; Michael Baggaley; Karyne N. Rabey; James D. Hogan; Dan L. Romanyk
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 2026;148(5):051003. DOI:10.1115/1.4070588. Version-of-record online 2026-01-08. Methods provenance:Camarillo2024MSc thesis chapter3;multiple own-study experimental findings match published abstract. Not an explicit reprint;final journal methods not independently read.
1 citation · 1 in 2025–2026
An attempt to identify brain tumour tissue in neurosurgery by mechanical indentation measurements
Isabelle Skambath; Jessica Kren; Patrick Kuppler; Steffen Buschschlueter; Matteo Mario Bonsanto
Acta Neurochir 166, 343 (2024), Published: 21 August 2024
9 citations · 8 in 2025–2026
Mechanical characteristics of glioblastoma and peritumoral tumor-free human brain tissue
Jessica Kren; Isabelle Skambath; Patrick Kuppler; Steffen Buschschlüter; Nicolas Detrez; Sazgar Burhan; Robert Huber; Ralf Brinkmann; Matteo Mario Bonsanto
Acta Neurochir 166, 102, Published: 23 February 2024
14 citations · 11 in 2025–2026
Optical Measurement of Directional, Regional, and Strain Rate Dependent Mechanical Properties of Human Brain Tissue under Uniaxial Compression
University of Alberta, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Graduation date: Spring 2024
Characterization of the chemical and mechanical properties of porcine brain tissue in vitro
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering, Published: May2023
Development of a Detailed Finite Element Model of the BIPED and Verification of Fidelity in Two Cases of Blunt Impact
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Alberta, Published: 2023
Dynamic changes in mechanical properties of the adult rat spinal cord after injury
Chen Jin; Rui Zhu; Zhan-wei Wang; Yi Li; Hao-fei Ni; Meng-lei Xu; Liang-dong Zheng; Yu-ting Cao; Yi-ting Yang; Wei Xu; Jian-jie Wang; Ning Xie; Li-ming Cheng
Acta Biomaterialia, 2022, ISSN 1742-7061, Published: 23Nov2022
26 citations · 18 in 2025–2026
Effect of Chitosan on Alginate-Based Macroporous Hydrogels for the Capture of Glioblastoma Cancer Cells
Caroline Safi; Angela Giraldo Solano; Benoit Liberelle; Hélène Therriault; Lisa Delattre; Melek Abdelkhalek; Changsheng Wang; Simon Bergeron-Fortier; Vaiana Moreau; Gregory De Crescenzo; Nathalie Faucheux; Marc-Antoine Lauzon; Benoit Paquette; Nick Virgilio
ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2022, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXX, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.2c00598, Publication Date: August 10, 2022
15 citations · 7 in 2025–2026
Fluid-solid interaction in the rate-dependent failure of brain tissue and biomimicking gels
M. Terzano; A. Spagnoli; D. Dini; A. E. Forte
Preprint submitted to Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials February 23, 2021 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.11268.pdf
20 citations · 6 in 2025–2026
Shear-Deformation Based Continuum-Damage Constitutive Modeling of Brain Tissue
Mark T. Begonia; Alexander M. Knapp; R.K. Prabhu; Jun Liao; Lakiesha N. Williams
Journal of Biomechanics, 2021, 110260, ISSN 0021-9290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110260
11 citations · 5 in 2025–2026
Defining the mechanical characteristics of porcine brain tissue subject to cyclic, compressive loading
Master of Science thesis, Biomedical Engineering, Mississippi State University, May 1, 2020.
Compressive Mechanical Properties of Porcine Brain: Experimentation and Modeling of the Tissue Hydration Effects
Raj K. Prabhu; Mark T. Begonia; Wilburn R. Whittington; Michael A. Murphy; Yuxiong Mao; Jun Liao; Lakiesha N. Williams; Mark F. Horstemeyer; Jianping Sheng
Bioengineering 2019, 6, 40; doi:10.3390/bioengineering6020040
18 citations · 4 in 2025–2026
Models and tissue mimics for brain shift simulations
Antonio E. Forte; Stefano Galvan; Daniele Dini
Biomech Model Mechanobiol (2018) 17: 249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-017-0958-7
35 citations · 4 in 2025–2026
On the characterization of the heterogeneous mechanical response of human brain tissue
Antonio E. Forte; Stephen M. Gentleman; Daniele Dini
Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. 2017;16(3):907-920. doi: 10.1007/s10237-016-0860-8 Online: 2016-12-08.
129 citations · 26 in 2025–2026
Soft Tissue Phantoms for Realistic Needle Insertion - A Comparative Study
Alexander Leibinger; Antonio E. Forte; Zhengchu Tan; Matthew J. Oldfield; Frank Beyrau; Daniele Dini; Ferdinando Rodriguez y Baena
Annals of Biomedical Engineering. pp 1-11 (2015)
82 citations · 12 in 2025–2026
A Novel Composite Phantom for Brain Tissue
A.E. Forte; S. Galvan; F. Manieri; D. Dini
EMBC2014, one-page conference contribution. Author-deposit DOI10.13140/2.1.1795.4560; no IEEE publisher DOI established.
Traumatic brain injury: modeling and simulation of the brain at large deformation
Mississippi State University. Ph.D. dissertation, Mechanical Engineering. 2011-08.
Review Paper: Fifty years of brain tissue mechanical testing: From in vitro to in vivo investigations
Simon Chatelin; André Constantinesco; Rémy Willinger
Biorheology 47 (2010) 255–276. DOI 10.3233/BIR-2010-0576
342 citations · 27 in 2025–2026
Structure-property relations of porcine brain tissue: strain rate and stress-state dependence
Mississippi State University. M.S. thesis, Biomedical Engineering. 2009-08.
Strain Rate Dependence in the Structure Property Relationship of Porcine Brain
Mark G. T. Begonia; Jun Liao; Mark F. Horstemeyer; Lakiesha N. Williams
Paper presented at the ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. (2009)
0 citations · 0 in 2025–2026
FAQ
What is viscoelasticity?+
LAB MODULE – Torsion of Disk-Shaped Samples – Student Version
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LAB MODULE – Unconfined Compression of Hydrogel Disks – Student Version



