Photon-counting in dual-contrast-enhanced computed tomography: a proof-of-concept quantitative biomechanical assessment of articular cartilage

Abstract

This proof-of-concept study explores quantitative imaging of articular cartilage using photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) with a dual-contrast agent approach, comparing it to clinical dual-energy CT (DECT). The diffusion of cationic iodinated CA4 + and non-ionic gadolinium-based gadoteridol contrast agents into ex vivo bovine medial tibial plateau cartilage was tracked over 72 h. Continuous maps of the contrast agents’ diffusion were created, and correlations with biomechanical indentation parameters (equilibrium and instantaneous moduli, and relaxation time constants) were examined at 28 specific locations. Cartilage at each location was analyzed as full-thickness to ensure a fair comparison, and calibration-based material decomposition was employed for concentration estimation. Both DECT and PCD-CT exhibit strong correlations between CA4 + content and biomechanical parameters, with PCD-CT showing superior significance, especially at later time points. DECT lacks significant correlations with gadoteridol-related parameters, while PCD-CT identifies noteworthy correlations between gadoteridol diffusion and biomechanical parameters. In summary, the experimental PCD-CT setup demonstrates superior accuracy and sensitivity in concentration estimation, suggesting its potential as a more effective tool for quantitatively assessing articular cartilage condition compared to a conventional clinical DECT scanner.

Keywords

Photon-counting detector, Contrast-enhanced computed tomography, Dual-energy computed tomography, Biomechanical indentation, Articular cartilage & Osteoarthritis.