Injectable and Dynamically Crosslinked Zwitterionic Hydrogels for Anti‐Fouling and Tissue Regeneration Applications

A zwitterionic injectable and degradable hydrogel based on hydrazide and aldehyde‐functionalized [2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl‐(3‐sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (DMAPS) precursor polymers that can address practical in vivo needs is reported. Zwitterion fusion interactions between the zwitterionic precursor polymers create a secondary physically crosslinked network to enable much more rapid gelation than previously reported with other synthetic polymers, facilitating rapid gelation at much lower polymer concentrations or degrees of functionalization than previously accessible in addition to promoting zero swelling and long‐term degradation responses and significantly stiffer mechanics than are typically accessed with previously reported low‐viscosity precursor gelation systems. The hydrogels maintain the highly anti‐fouling properties of conventional zwitterionic hydrogels against proteins, mammalian cells, and bacteria while also promoting anti‐fibrotic tissue responses in vivo. Furthermore, the use of the hydrogels for effective delivery and subsequent controlled release of viable cells with tunable profiles both in vitro and in vivo is demonstrated, including the delivery of myoblasts in a mouse skeletal muscle defect model for reducing the time between injury and functional mobility recovery. The combination of the injectability, degradability, and tissue compatibility achieved offers the potential to expand the utility of zwitterionic hydrogels in minimally invasive therapeutic applications.