Conception and validation of a collagen-based Pleiotrophin controlled release system for vascular applications

Abstract

Arterial bypass graft is the primary therapy for patients with advanced vascular occlusion diseases such as atherosclerosis. Post-implantation vascular graft failure is mainly caused by in-graft thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia. A fast endothelialization has the benefit of reducing these adverse events. Grafts enrichment with pro-endothelialization molecule has been proposed as an effective solution. Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a growth/differentiation cytokine that has been described as a potent pro-angiogenic factor. However, its proendothelialization effects have not been fully explored, and efficient ways to deliver PTN for graft enrichments have to be studied. Natural polymer-based drug delivery systems represent

an interesting option for such an application. Type 1 collagen gels are commonly used as scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering and for the development of controlled release systems thanks to their favorable biological properties. To better control the release of PTN, specific non-covalent interactions can be used to stabilize and immobilize drugs within the collagen scaffold, through the use of binding agents. Heparin has been widely used in the formulation of drug delivery systems due to its ability to sequester, stabilize and protect growth factors and cytokines. Based on previous work of the Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering at Laval University, the objective of this work was to develop a controlled release system for PTN based on a heparin-modified Type I collagen gels. At first, the effects of PTN on the viability and migration ability of endothelial cells have

been studied by comparing them with the effects exerted by stromal derived factor 1 (SDF1), a known pro-endothelialization factor already used for vascular graft enrichment. Following, a type I collagen gel was used as scaffold for the development of a controlled release system for PTN. To increase its binding to the gel and to prolong its release over time, heparin have been freely added to the standard gel formulation. Mechanical and structural assessments were performed to evaluate the effects of the addition of heparin. Quantification of the released PTN from the heparin-modified collagen gels was studied along with the effects of the released PTN on the viability of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Finally, hemocompatibility tests have been performed to analyze the effects of the addition of both heparin and PTN on the thrombogenic properties of the collagen gels.