Test configuration
Bone
The mechanical properties of whole bones and bone tissue are as important as their morphological and structural aspects.
About this material
The mechanical properties of whole bones and bone tissue are as important as their morphological and structural aspects. Even if the mechanical behavior of bone can be described by some material properties, the behavior of the entire bone organ also depends on its shape and the geometric spatial architecture in which it is arranged. Mechanical properties of bone are studied to learn about: its structural function in the body, the effects of pathologies on bone mechanics and related clinical issues, mechano-transduction phenomena, fixation systems for trauma or joint prosthetics, the integration of bone repair solutions.
Test configurations (16)
Test configuration
Tension
Test configuration
Unconfined Compression
Test configuration
Indentation (Stiffness)
Test configuration
Bending
Test configuration
Torsion
Test configuration
Shear
Test configuration
Simultaneous Compression and Torsion
Test configuration
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Test configuration
Indentation (Hardness)
Test configuration
Temperature Control
Test configuration
Cantilever Bending
Test configuration
Positioning (Manual Tilt)
Test configuration
Fracture
Test configuration
External Analog Sensors
Test configuration
Camera Feed
Case studies (1)
Video Library
Watch: Lab Module — Torsion of boneLab Modules · 9 chapters · 24:50
Lab Module — Torsion of bone
Follow specimen mounting, torsion tests and analysis of wood and bone.
Watch: Three-point bending on a mouse tibiaTissue testing · 0:08
Three-point bending on a mouse tibia
Three-point bending of a mouse tibia using the Mach-1.
Watch: Lab Module — Bending of boneLab Modules · 10 chapters · 23:26
Lab Module — Bending of bone
Explore preparation, three-point bending tests and analysis of wood and bone.
Related resources (8)
FAQ
What is Young's modulus E?
Intrinsic mechanical property of a material independent of its geometry. From the slope of the stress vs. strain graph during an unconfined compression and considering the geometry of the sample, we can calculate the Young's modulus.
How does the "Sinusoid" model works?
This feature is used to obtain the Frequency, Amplitude and Offset of a sinusoidal signal. A blue line displays the theoretical sinusoid with the Frequency, Amplitude and Offset obtained (Figure 1). The values of the Frequency, Amplitude and Offset are indicated in the "Results" field. The units vary according to the graph’s axes.
This feature can also be used for sinusoidal stimulus-response analysis. Sinusoidal stimulus shall be selected on the x-axis and the sinusoidal response on the y-axis. The Modulus is the ratio of the response Amplitude over the stimulus Amplitude. The Phase is the phase difference between the response and the stimulus. The Modulus’ is computed as the Modulus*Cos(Phase) and the Modulus” is computed as the Modulus*Sin(Phase). A blue line displays the theoretical sinusoidal stimulus-response with the Frequency, Modulus and Phase obtained (Figure 2). The values of the Modulus and Phase are indicated in the “Results” field. The units vary according to the graph’s axes.
One use for this feature would be to compute material properties by multiplying the Modulus obtained by the appropriate geometric factors. For example, the Young’s Modulus can be obtained during uniaxial compression or tension on cylindrical sample with t/pi*r2 as the geometric factor, t is the thickness and r is the radius of the sample.
Mach-1 Analysis – Sinusoid – Example for stimulus-response analysis
What is the tester compliance?
The mechanical compliance is the inverse of the stiffness, it due to the deformation that occurs in the load cell, tester frame and mechanical setup during a mechanical test. When testing hard samples, this deformation may not be negligible; therefore, measurement of the setup compliance can be crucial in obtaining accurate mechanical properties. The tester compliance (or stiffness) depends on the tester configuration (e.g. height of the vertical stage on the frame, type of load cell, etc.) and the accessories installed. An easy way to measure the compliance of the tester is to replace the sample by a dummy sample much stiffer than the sample of interest (e.g. a piece of steel) or to remove the sample (for compression test) and then to apply a displacement. For example, if a flat indenter is contacted at the bottom of the testing chamber and a displacement is applied, the stage will be unable to move if the stiffness of the tester was infinite (zero compliance). In real situation, this would never be the case; the stage will be able to move but the load will increase rapidly. The entire mechanical setup can be modeled as two springs connected in series: one spring representing the tester stiffness and a second spring representing the sample stiffness. By looking at the load-displacement curve, the stiffness of the tester (or compliance) can be calculated.
What is the elastic modulus in bending?
The elastic modulus in bending Ef : It is an intrinsic mechanical property of a material expressing the tendency of this material to bend. From the slope of the stress vs. strain graph during a flexural test and considering the geometry of the sample and the testing configuration (3-point bending), we can calculate the elastic modulus in bending. Although theoretically equivalent to the Young's modulus, these values may be different in experimental testing.
What is the maximum flexural strength?
The maximum flexural strength (σf ) is a material property defined as the stress in a material just before it yields (or plastic deformation) in a flexion (bending) test. The maximum flexural strength is independent of the samples shape and testing configuration (3-point bending). It represents the highest stress experienced within the material at the moment of yield.
What is the section modulus?
The section modulus Z is calculated as the ratio between the area moment of inertia and the distance from the centroid to the top or bottom edge of the sample (d/2).
What is the elasticity?
Property of a material to deform under load or strain and to return to its original shape when the stress is released.
LAB MODULE – Unconfined Compression of Hydrogel Disks – Student Version